Experimental designs pose the ability to control all variables and thus provide the most powerful support available for a hypothesis of causation. Post facto designs…

Exploratory studies are designed toward loose structures with an objective of learning more about a subject so that hypotheses may be obtained for further investigation…

Pilot tests are used primarily to detect weaknesses in design and instrumentation and to provide proxy data for selection of a probability sample. Forgoing such…

An unanswerable question is one for which observation or other data collection procedures cannot provide an answer. An answerable question may be: How do we…

There are six different styles of thinking: Postulational – rational and idealistic,  Self-evident truth – fairly rational and idealistic,  Method of authority – fairly rational…

Deduction and induction – a deduction is a conclusive inference while an induction is a conclusion from one or more pieces of evidence. Operational definition…

Concept and construct – A concept is a generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics that are concrete whereas a construct is image or idea…

Direct observation of phenomena Clearly defined variables, methods and procedures Empirically testable hypotheses The ability to rule rival hypotheses Statistical justification Self-correcting process

1) What is research? Why should there be any question about the definition of research? Research is the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of…